ASTM E45-11

These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.

Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicatesthe last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 12.2.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.

The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (¹/₆₄ in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.

The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting process and production materials, such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and inclusion shape control additives as well as refractory and furnace liner compositions must be employed with the microanalytical results to determine if an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous

Because the inclusion population within a given lot of steel varies with position, the lot must be statistically sampled in order to assess its inclusion content. The degree of sampling must be adequate for the lot size and its specific characteristics. Materials with very low inclusion contents may be more accurately rated by automatic image analysis, which permits more precise microscopic ratings.

Results of macroscopic and microscopic test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment, but these test methods do not provide guidelines for acceptance or rejection purposes. Qualification criteria for assessing the data developed by these methods can be found in ASTM product standards or may be described by purchaser-producer agreements. By agreements between producer and purchaser, this practice may be modified to count only certain inclusion types and thicknesses, or only those inclusions above a certain severity level, or both. Also, by agreement, qualitative practices may be used where only the highest severity ratings for each inclusion type and thickness are defined or the number of fields containing these highest severity ratings are tabulated.

These test methods are intended for use on wrought metallic structures. While a minimum level of deformation is not specified, the test methods are not suitable for use on cast structures or on lightly worked structures.

Guidelines are provided to rate inclusions in steels treated with rare earth additions or calcium-bearing compounds. When such steels are evaluated, the test report should describe the nature of the inclusions rated according to each inclusion category (A, B, C, D).

In addition to the Test Methods E45 JK ratings, basic (such as used in Practice E1245) stereological measurements (for example, the volume fraction of sulfides and oxides, the number of sulfides or oxides per square millimeter, the spacing between inclusions, and so forth) may be separately determined and added to the test report, if desired for additional information. This practice, however, does not address the measurement of such parameters.

1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.

1.2 This practice covers procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.

1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.

1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.

1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.

1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ^REFERENCE:

ASTM Standards:

E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens

E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography

E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings

E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing

E768 Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel

E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing

E1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications

SAE Standards:

J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclusions in Steel

Aerospace Material Specifications:

AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure

AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure

AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic Corrosion-Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure

AMS 2304, Special Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure

ISO Standards:

ISO 3763, Wrought SteelsMacroscopic Methods for Assessing the Content of Nonmetallic Inclusions

ISO 4967, SteelDetermination of Content of Nonmetallic InclusionsMicrographic Methods Using Standard Diagrams

ASTM Adjuncts:

Inclusions in Steel Plates I-r and II

Four Photomicrographs of Low Carbon Steel ^KEYWORDS: alumina; automatic image analysis; complex inclusions; fracture test; globular inclusions; inclusions; inclusion rating; inclusion stringers; JK inclusion rating; light microscopy; macroetch test; magnetic-particle method; oxide; SAM rating; silicate; steel; step-down method; stringer; sulfide ^DOI: 10.1520/E0045-11 ^INDEX TERMS: Alumina; Area fractions; Ferrous metals/alloys; Field area; Fracture testing--metals/alloys; Geometric analysis; Gray level intensity; Image analysis--metals/metallic materials; Inclusions--metals/alloys; JK inclusion ratings; Length of inclusions; Macroetching; Macroscopic analysis; Magnetic particle inspection; Metallographic analysis/inspection; Metals and metallic materials--inclusion rating; Microscopic examination--metals/alloys; Morphology; Nonmetallic inclusions; Oxide inclusions; Photomicrography; SAM; SAM rating; Slab/slabs; Specimen preparation (for testing)--metals/alloys; Steel bars; Steel billets and blooms; Step-down method; Stereological measurement; Stringer; Structural metals/alloys; Sulfide/sulfur environments; Sulfur--steel; Surface analysis--metals/alloys; Visual examination--metals/alloys; Volume fractions ^STATUS: Dn Cn Sn Nn Mn ^APPROVAL: 20110601 ^PAGES: 19 ^COMMITTEE: E04 ^SUBCOMMITTEE: 0900 ^BOS: 03.01 ^ORGINFO: AIAADODNASA ^ACTION: STD_REVISION ^MISCPUB: ^PDESIG: E0045 ^PYEAR: 2011 E0045-11 ^CLASS: Test Method