ASTM E2586-14

4.1 This practice provides approaches for characterizing a sample of n observations that arrive in the form of a data set. Large data sets from organizations, businesses, and governmental agencies exist in the form of records and other empirical observations. Research institutions and laboratories at universities, government agencies, and the private sector also generate considerable amounts of empirical data.

4.2 The data (measurements and observations) may be of the variable type or the simple attribute type. In the case of attributes, the data may be either binary trials or a count of a defined event over some interval (time, space, volume, weight, or area). Binary trials consist of a sequence of 0s and 1s in which a “1” indicates that the inspected item exhibited the attribute being studied and a “0” indicates the item did not exhibit the attribute. Each inspection item is assigned either a “0” or a “1.” Such data are often governed by the binomial distribution. For a count of events over some interval, the number of times the event is observed on the inspection interval is recorded for each of n inspection intervals. The Poisson distribution often governs counting events over an interval.

4.3 For sample data to be used to draw conclusions about the population, the process of sampling and data collection must be considered, at least potentially, repeatable. Descriptive statistics are calculated using real sample data that will vary in repeating the sampling process. As such, a statistic is a random variable subject to variation in its own right. The sample statistic usually has a corresponding parameter in the population that is unknown (see Section 5). The point of using a statistic is to summarize the data set and estimate a corresponding population characteristic or parameter.

4.4 Descriptive statistics consider numerical, tabular, and graphical methods for summarizing a set of data. The methods considered in this practice are used for summarizing the observations from a single variable.

4.5 The descriptive statistics described in this practice are:

4.6 Tabular methods described in this practice are:

4.7 Graphical methods described in this practice are:

4.8 While the methods described in this practice may be used to summarize any set of observations, the results obtained by using them may be of little value from the standpoint of interpretation unless the data quality is acceptable and satisfies certain requirements. To be useful for inductive generalization, any sample of observations that is treated as a single group for presentation purposes must represent a series of measurements, all made under essentially the same test conditions, on a material or product, all of which have been produced under essentially the same conditions. When these criteria are met, we are minimizing the danger of mixing two or more distinctly different sets of data.

4.9 The methods developed in Sections 6, 7, and 8 apply to the sample data. There will be no misunderstanding when, for example, the term “mean” is indicated, that the meaning is sample mean, not population mean, unless indicated otherwise. It is understood that there is a data set containing n observations. The data set may be denoted as:

1.1 This practice covers methods and equations for computing and presenting basic descriptive statistics using a set of sample data containing a single variable or two variables. This practice includes simple descriptive statistics for variable data, tabular and graphical methods for variable data, and methods for summarizing simple attribute data. Some interpretation and guidance for use is also included.

1.2 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.