ASTM D4189-07(2014)..
ASTM D5259-92(2012)..
ASTM D5864-11
ASTM D6503-99(2009)..
ASTM E1192-97(2008)..
ASTM E1611-00(2013)..
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ASTM E2455-06(2013)
Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Mussels (Withdrawn 2022)
Automaticky přeložený název:
Standardní příručka pro dirigování Laboratorní zkoušky toxicity se sladkovodními slávkami
NORMA vydána dne 1.3.2013
Informace o normě:
Označení normy: ASTM E2455-06(2013)
Poznámka: NEPLATNÁ
Datum vydání normy: 1.3.2013
Kód zboží: NS-45338
Počet stran: 52
Přibližná hmotnost: 156 g (0.34 liber)
Země: Americká technická norma
Kategorie: Technické normy ASTM
Kategorie - podobné normy:
Anotace textu normy ASTM E2455-06(2013) :
Keywords:
acute toxicity test, bivalve, chronic toxicity test, freshwater, glochidia, juvenile mussels, Margaritiferidae, Margaritiferid mussels, mollusc, mollusk, mussels, sediment, Unionidae, Unionid mussels, Unionoidea, ICS Number Code 13.060.70 (Examination of water for biological properties)
Doplňující informace
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5.1 Protection of a species requires prevention of unacceptable effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of the individuals of that species. Toxicity tests can be used provide information about the toxicity of a test material to a specific life stage of a particular species of mussel. The primary adverse effects studied are reduced survival or growth. 5.2 Results of toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur on mussels in field situations as a result of an exposure under comparable conditions. 5.3 Results of toxicity tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different mussel species and the toxicity of different test materials, and to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests. 5.4 Results of toxicity tests conducted with mussels might be an important consideration when assessing the risks of test materials to aquatic organisms or when deriving USEPA Water Quality Criteria for aquatic organisms (Guide E1241). 5.5 Results of acute toxicity tests (for example, 24- to 96-h tests) might be useful for predicting the results of chronic tests on the same test material with the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different water. Most predictions take into account the results of acute toxicity tests, and so the usefulness of the results of a chronic toxicity test is greatly increased by reporting also the results of an acute toxicity test conducted with a similar life stage of the same species under the same conditions (Guide E729). 5.6 Results of toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials. 5.7 Results of toxicity tests will depend on temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, and other factors. 5.8 Interferences—A number of factors can impede or prevent selection and use of freshwater mussels for toxicity testing (Guide E1850). The following should be considered when selecting a test species and measuring the sensitivity of the test species during toxicity tests. 5.8.1 Handling of field-collected adult mussels resulting from collection or transport to the laboratory might cause excessive mortality or sublethal effects. 5.8.2 The age, health, and physical condition of adult mussels (for example, the presence of parasites, bacteria, and disease) collected from a resident population might not be adequately known. 5.8.3 The physical characteristics of the testing environment (such as water quality, temperature, water flow, light) and food requirements might affect the ability of the test organisms to acclimate, recover from handling, or adapt to the laboratory environment conditions. 5.8.4 The degree of contamination and the history of contamination at the collection of the adult mussels might not be adequately known. 5.8.5 In the field, mussels may be exposed to contaminants in water, sediment, or food. This standard only addresses effects associated with exposure of mussels to contaminants in water. Future revisions to this standard may describe methods for conducting toxicity tests with (1) adult freshwater mussels and (2) contaminated sediments using various life stages of freshwater mussels. 5.8.6 There are insufficient data available to determine if juvenile mussels are able to avoid exposure to chemicals by valve closure. If it is suspected that juvenile mussels are avoiding exposure to a chemical in a toxicity test, it may be desirable to place the suspected live test organisms into dilution water that does not contain any added test material for 1 to 2 d after the end of the toxicity test to determine whether these test organisms are alive or dead (section 1.1 This standard guide describes methods for conducting laboratory toxicity tests with early life stages of freshwater mussels including glochidia and juvenile mussels in water-only exposures (Annex A1). Future revisions to this standard may describe methods for conducting toxicity tests with 1.2 Many factors are cited as potentially contributing to the decline of freshwater mussel populations in North America. Of the nearly 300 taxa of freshwater mussels in North America, 70 species (23 %) are listed as endangered or threatened and another 40 species (14 %) are candidates for possible listing (Williams et al 1993 (1); Neves 1997, 2004 (2, 3)).2 Habitat alteration, introduction of exotic species, over-utilization, disease, predation and pollution are considered causal or contributing factors in many areas of the United States (Neves et al 1997) 1.3 Summary of Life History of Freshwater Mussels: 1.3.1 Freshwater mussels are bivalve mollusks belonging to the family Unionidae or Margaritiferidae (section 1.3.2 The successful transfer of mature glochidia to a suitable host constitutes a critical event in the life cycle of most freshwater mussels. Once the glochidia are released from the female, the glochidia need to attach to the gills or the fins of an appropriate fish host and encyst to complete development. Although glochidia may survive for months during brooding in the female mussel, glochidia typically survive for only a few days after release unless the glochidia reach a compatible host. Encystment on the host occurs by overgrowth of host tissue. Metamorphosis of juvenile mussels on the fish host occurs within days or weeks, depending on species and temperature. Host fish specificity varies among mussels. While some mussel species appear to require a single host organism, other species can transform their glochidia into juvenile mussels on several species of host fish. Following proper host infestation, glochidia transform into microscopic juveniles and excyst (drop off) and settle into suitable habitat to survive. The transformation of glochidia to juveniles results in the development of internal organs necessary for self-sustained existence as a benthic organism. 1.3.3 Newly-transformed juvenile mussels have a life style different from adult mussels. Transformed juvenile mussels may be at the sediment-water interface or may burrow several centimeters into sediment and rely on water percolating between substrate particles of sediment for food and oxygen. Newly-transformed juvenile mussels feed using ciliary currents on the foot and mantle. Older juvenile and adult mussels likely use different food types when living in different microenvironments. Given that glochidia and juvenile mussels are ecologically and physiologically different from adult mussels, protection of habitat quality of adult life stages may not be protective of glochidia or juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. Distributions of adult mussels are dependent both on the presence of host fish and on microhabitat conditions. Efforts to assess effects of contaminants on mussels need to evaluate potential exposure to host fish in addition to exposure to each unique life stage of freshwater mussels. 1.4 Summary of Toxicity Testing Conditions: 1.4.1 Section 4 provides a summary of conditions for conducting toxicity tests with glochidia and juvenile mussels. 1.4.2 In the field, mussels may be exposed to contaminants in water, sediment, or food. This standard only addresses effects associated with exposure of mussels to contaminants in water. 1.4.3 Guide E724 describes procedures for conducting acute 48-h toxicity tests with embryos or larvae of saltwater bivalve mollusks. Endpoints measured in Guide E724 include survival or shell deposition. Procedures outlined in Guide E724 may be useful in helping to design studies for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels as outlined in 1.4.4 Results of tests, even those with the same species, using procedures different from those described in 1.5 Summary of Results of Toxicity Tests Conducted with Freshwater Mussels: 1.5.1 Keller et al (2005) 1.5.2 Augspurger et al (2003) 1.5.3 Milam et al (2005) 1.6 This standard is arranged as follows:
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Standard Practice for Use of the Terms
Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods Standard Guide for Disposal of Laboratory
Chemicals and Samples Standard Terminology Relating to
Biological Effects and Environmental Fate Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard
of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses Standard Guide for Conducting Early
Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with Fishes Standard Guide for Collection, Storage,
Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological
Testing and for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic
Invertebrates Standard Guide for Selection of Resident
Species as Test Organisms for Aquatic and Sediment Toxicity
Tests Standard Practice for Conducting an
Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test
Method IEEE/ASTM SI?10 Standard for Use of the International
System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System) Standard Guide for Conducting Acute
Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates,
and Amphibians (Includes all amendments and changes 2/22/2023). Standard Guide for Conducting Static
Short-Term Chronic Toxicity Tests Starting with Embryos of Four
Species of Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs Standard Test Method for Measuring the
Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and
Marine Invertebrates Standard Practice for Statistical
Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines Standard Test Method for Measuring the
Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater
Invertebrates |
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