ASTM B859-21

4.1?Refractory metal powders, such as tungsten and molybdenum, are usually produced by hydrogen reduction at high temperatures. Thus, they usually contain numerous large, strongly-sintered agglomerates. Many of the manufacturing processes using these powders involve a milling step or some similar treatment or depend on the individual particulate size, not on the agglomerate size.4.2?The laboratory milling conditions specified in this guide have been in use since 1965, initially as part of a particle size analysis test method. This guide was first published as a separate, stand-alone standard in 1995 because of its applicability in preparing powder samples for analysis by other methods as well (for example, Test Methods B761 and B822). Information on the development and establishment of the milling conditions here specified can be found in the footnoted reference.4

4.3?The milling procedure described in this practice does not necessarily break down only agglomerates without fracturing individual particles; some particle fracture may occur in certain powders. However, use of this practice does provide consistent particle size analysis results that have been found to relate well to powder behavior in numerous manufacturing processes.

4.4?This practice shall be used for the de-agglomeration of the refractory metal powders and compounds listed in 1.2, when an evaluation of the individual particulate size distribution is required from the subsequent particle size analysis. It shall not be used when the agglomerate (as-is or as-supplied) size distribution is desired.

4.5?This practice may be used in preparing samples for Test Methods B330, B761, B822, and other particle size analysis methods, prior to the dispersion procedure of Guide B821, if used.

1.1?This practice covers the de-agglomeration of refractory metal powders and their compounds in preparation for particle size analysis.

1.2?Experience has shown that this practice is satisfactory for the de-agglomeration of elemental tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, and tantalum metal powders, and tungsten carbide. Other metal powders (for example, elemental metals, carbides, and nitrides) may be prepared for particle size analysis using this practice with caution as to effectiveness until actual satisfactory experience is developed.

1.3?UnitsWith the exception of the values for mass, for which the use of the gram (g) unit is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.

1.4?This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5?This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.